The pyrometallurgical process for platinum recovery from spent catalysts typically involves three primary methods: smelting, vaporization, and sintering (Peng et al., 2017). Crushed spent catalysts are often combined with various additives, including lead, copper, iron, matte, or printed circuit boards (PCBs), to facilitate platinum extraction and enhance process efficiency.

The spent catalyst was subjected to a thermal treatment at approximately 500 degrees Celsius to decompose the organic components. Subsequently, it was digested in mineral acid for a specified duration to dissolve the palladium metal as its corresponding salt. The carbon particles were then separated from the solution through filtration

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